Monday, December 30, 2019

Climate Change Affects People s Habitat And Safety

Climate change is a serious issue for humanity and all the living creatures on the earth. These days, more and more scientists and climatologists indicate that the climate and our environment are suffering from huge changes. For all humanity, the influences become more and more significant. Climate change affects people’s habitat and safety. Why is climate important to us? Because of climate change, people may live in an unfavorable situation. Climate may affect whole ecosystems, not only human, but also other living creatures. For instance, the sea ecology may change because of the climate. When the ecosystems encounter damage, people cannot avoid the effects. Food supply, fresh air, and clean water may be affected which directly influence our survival needs. These natural resources and living conditions may all disappear over time. Researchers have found much evidence pointing to climate change. Based on NASA’s website, there is some evidence of climate change, such as sea level rise, global temperature rise, warming oceans, shrinking ice sheets, glacial retreat, etc. All of these are the direct indications that our earth and climate are changing. Unfortunately, people don’t know how exactly to deal with the phenomenon. Most of the researchers mention that we can just retard the impacts of climate change, but we cannot solve it. In this project, I want to identify the two arguments from both sides, which are man-made factors and natural factors of climate change. ItShow MoreRelatedEssay about Polar Bears and their Retreating Habitat1025 Words   |  5 Pagessupply and their habitat. Their decreasing land mass (the sea ice) is majorly caused by the climate change in the Arctic, the warming temperatures. Due to the melting of the sea ice, polar bears are given a smaller time window to catch as many seals and food as they can till the sea ice melts. This results in polar bears traveling from the sea and traveling more into communities to find food, creating a greater risk for human safety. The increase in pollution in their habitat plays a majorRead MoreWhy Is Energy Consumption So An Issue?941 Words   |  4 Pagesenergy consumption, people are trying to revolutionize how energy is used. The question is always raised, â€Å"Why is energy consumption even an issue?† The answer to that broad question would be climate change. Studies have been showing substantial evidence that climate change exists and that it will make a significant impact on Earth within the next few decades. Puneet Kollipara wrote the following: Nearly all U.S. senators agreed today on a measure affirming that climate change is real and not a hoax—includingRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1509 Words   |  7 Pagestoday is climate change. Climate change in the world can be caused by numerous activities including human activities. Climate change occurs when the temperature rises significantly, which leads to many different changes happening on Earth such less snow in the winter. These changes include floods, drought, or intense rain, as well as severe heat waves. One of the biggest problems is rising sea level, other cases are melting of glaciers, heating, and acidity of oceans. The earth’s climate changed pluralRead MoreAlexander The Caribou Is Drinking Out Of The Warm Arctic Ocean With His Friends2232 Words   |  9 Pagestaxes and restrict the amount of carbon output and the general public to use less private, and more public transportation, the Earth temperature raising would decline. As a result, this solution would not only stop the destruction of the animal’s; habitats, allowing the population decline to stop, but also stop all the other effects of global warming, such as worse air qualities, higher temperatures, and sea levels rising across the world. In Canada and the northern hemisphere of the world the arcticRead MoreNext Comes The Problems Of Financial And Farming Dimensions1169 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversal reductions and it advocated government intervention and farm subsidies. The farmers living in the southern had a 30 percent collapse of farming goods. In the 1990’s,USA and Europe retained subsides. Two million mexican campesinos lost their farms due to subsidized corn from the north. Along with this about thirty million people had to face losing their land. The U.S. had to also face competition in dealing with Mexico’s and Canada’s imports.The Power of agribusiness began to raise and companiesRead MoreCause Of Flooding And Its Impacts On Society1352 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction Climate change or variability is a naturally occurring phenomena that has been escalated by humans. With the transition from hand production to the use of machines during the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, used to power the machines has increased exponentially. Advances in technology has led to more fossil fuels having to be burned to sustain energy production. The issue with burning fossil fuels is that the byproduct is aRead MoreWhat Are The Risks Of Climate Change And Global Warming?1508 Words   |  7 Pages What are the risks of climate change and global warming? Type in your name EDRD plus your Section number Type in the Instructor’s name February 20, 2015 Abstract One of the largest problems fronting the world today is global warming. Many experts believe that our makings of carbon dioxide and extra greenhouse gases have a heating effect on the troposphere, and this can be very hazardous to human life. This research paper will explore the issue of global warming and propose ways toRead MoreThe Keystone Xl Pipeline Project879 Words   |  4 Pagesmankind is engineering a way to use a resource and generate energy from it. However, sometimes these sources of energy can be harmful to our planet. With this knowledge of the effects of humanity s way of harnessing power, we continue to consume, produce, burn, and deplete our supply of this material. Most people do not mind how the earth is affected, but there are a percentage of them who are willing to take action against large-scale agencies to stop harmful plans. An example of this is a long lastingRead MoreNas The Water Cycle And The Climate Impact On Humans1064 Words   |  5 Pagesbe able to p redict the water cycle and the climate impact on humans? NASA has made these opportunities possible through decades of hard work. NASA has developed rockets, Mars rovers, and earth observing satellites. Their main objective, to serve the American public, will improve the quality of life on planet Earth, which in turn will strengthen the American Economy. Encouraging economic activity creates jobs and helps generate tangible benefits for people. â€Å"NASA technologies save lives and makes ourRead MoreThe Factors That Play Into Endangered Species2685 Words   |  11 Pages(ARkive.org). The Red list is the world’s inventory of the global status of biological species sixteen thousand, three hundred and six of species are threatened with extinction(iucnredlist.org). A species goes extinct if it is not able to adapt to changes in its environment, or compete well with other organisms. Over the history of the earth over 99% of all the species that have ever lived have gone extinc t (paleo.gly). There are many factors that are involved in the endangerment and extinction of

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Life Of Alexander The Great - 1264 Words

The Life of Alexander the Great There are many great conquers in the history of this world. Augustus Caesar, Atilla the Hun, Charlemagne, to name a few. But none of these quite measure up to Alexander III of Macedonia. Or, his more common title: Alexander the Great. He conquered much of Asia and the Persian Empire, and left a legacy that will not be forgotten. Alexander III was born in Pella, capitol of Macedonia, on July 20th 356 BC to Olympus, Princess of Epirus, and Philip II, King of Macedonia. He was a well-educated young boy, and his tutor was none other than the famous scholar Aristotle. He studied until 340 BC, when he began to work with his father, Philip II, on several military attacks. Alexander worked with his father up†¦show more content†¦Once Alexander had been named king of Macedonia, he was thrown into a series of uprisings that his father’s death had triggered. He quickly forced his way into Northern Greece, and restored Macedonian rule there. After taking control of Northern Greece, he moved south, surprising the Southern Greeks and forcing them to acknowledge his rule. Then, assuming the Greeks were well aware of his power, he returned to Macedonia, and proceeded to conquer the Thracians, Tribalians, and the Illyrians. After these battles, rumors had sprung up in Greece that Alexander had died. Enraged with the rumors that had broken out; Alexander proceeded to move to Thebes, covering 240 miles in two weeks. This astonishing speed made the Athenians and Peloponnesians reconsider siding with the Thebans, leaving them alone. After the Thebans refused to surrender, Alexander and his men stormed the city, killing more than 6,000 Thebans and taking 30,000 more as slaves to sell. They plundered and destroyed the city, save the temples. This short battle made the rest of Greece realize that it was futile to riot, and the country remained under Alexander’s rule. In spring of 334 BC, Alexander and his troops set out to fight what some say is his most famous fight, The Battle of Granicus. During this battle, Alexander was 22 years old, and he was facing the forces of King Darius III, who is said to be the young king’s greatest rival. His

Saturday, December 14, 2019

World War One Germany Essay Free Essays

After World War One German had to confront serious jobs. such as the Treaty of Versailles. disfavor of the weak and unpopular Weimar Government. We will write a custom essay sample on World War One Germany Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now serious economic jobs of rising prices and unemployment in the early 1920s and once more after 1929 and the Great Depression. Furthermore. fright and concern about the rise of communism with work stoppages and rebellions. Hitler used powerful persuasion techniques such as propaganda and in other circumstance aggression and force to extinguish his oppositions. therefore helping him to go a totalitarian dictator. This essay will discus the Treaty of Versailles. disfavor of the authorities and economic jobs and besides fright of communism and the techniques Hitler used to derive power. Basically. why the Germans were so angry about the pact of Versailles. A pact is an understanding which sorts out penalties. land boundaries and could be designed to forestall future war. After the First World War. a pact had to be made to penalize Germany. This had to be done as Germany had lost the war and had signed the Armistice on 11th November 1918 by the new German authorities. The Paris peace conference foremost met in January 1919. It was its occupation to compose the pact of Versailles. At this peace. conference there was a representative from America. France and Great Britain. Germany was non allowed to house a representative as the Allies knew that they were traveling to penalize Germany. so there was no point holding a representative merely so they can reason their instance. President Woodrow Wilson represented America and he wanted the Treaty of Versailles to be based on his fourteen-point program. This did non take to penalize Germany but aimed to forestall future war. He did non desire to penalize Germany as merely 116. 000 American soldiers died. This is as they merely entered the war in the last twelvemonth. Besides their land was non damaged as conflicts were fought in Europe. The war attempt besides did non be them much financially. This once more was because America had entered the war in the last twelvemonth. Their president Georges Clemencea u represented France and he wanted to penalize Germany as much of their land was damaged as many conflicts were fought at that place. In add-on. 1. 500. 000 Gallic soldiers died. Great Britain were represented by their Prime curate Lloyd George. He wanted to penalize Germany as 1. 000. 000 British soldiers had died and the war attempt had cost Britain a batch financially. The pact of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. Germany had no pick but to subscribe. This was as if they did non subscribe it would ensue in war. which Germany could non afford to make. America did non give their formal consent to the pact and subsequently signed a separate pact with Germany ( pact of Berlin on July 2nd 1921 ) . The Germans were so angry about the pact of Versailles. because they thought that as the war was lost they would be punished and be in peace. This nevertheless did non go on. Germany was at peace with other states but it was a dictate ( determined peace ) . This meant that the Alliess were still in control of the state of affairs. This would oppress German pride. This is as it gives the feeling that they are under co ntrol by another state. They might every bit good be portion of person else’s imperium. Again. the fact of authorities propaganda comes up. The populace likely thought that they could be ordering the peace alternatively of being under control. Another specific country. in which Germany was punished by the pact of Versailles. was their military loss. Germany was punished in footings of fring out militarily a batch. This essay will merely pick out two points to assist associate to the sum of penalty. First. the German ground forces was restricted to merely a 100 1000 soldiers. In add-on. Germany was non allowed to hold an air force. Both these points meant that Germany were really vulnerable to assail. This helped the Alliess. as they knew that Germany would non be able to establish a successful onslaught on a state. Besides they knew that they could easy assail Germany if they needed to. Another pieces of grounds proposing a dictate. Besides holding a little ground forces dented Germany’s pride . We know that Germany like to hold a large ground forces as one of the major long term causes of the first universe war was the weaponries race between Britain and Germany. There would besides be a batch more unemployment in Germany. This meant fewer taxpayers. which would non lend to the reparations that Germany had to pay. The authorities may besides hold to raise the revenue enhancements doing the authorities less popular with the people. Another specific country in which Germany lost out is territorially. Germany lost many topographic points to other states due to the footings and conditions laid out by the pact of Versailles. Firstly. Germany lost 13 % of its overall land to other states. This would do a job and do the Germans unhappy. as they would be less powerful. In add-on. Germany lost a batch of their industry. This is every bit many of their most productive countries of excavation were taken off. for illustration the Saar coalfields. Wholly. Germany lost 16 % of their entire industry. One of the countries lost was Alsace – Lorraine that was home to many German people. Not all of this would assist Germany financially or in footings of the military. They would free out financially as they would free their income from the industrial parts lost. Besides they would lose the revenue enhancem ents that would hold been paid by citizen life in other states which belonged to Germany. They would free out in footings of the military. as they could non trust on citizens from other states to contend for them. Wholly. Germany lost 6 million people. Another facet of penalty that was laid out by the pact of Versailles was that Germany had to pay reparations. The figure was set at around 100. 000. 000. 000 Markss. With all the losingss Germany had suffered people began to inquire the inquiry if Germany could afford. The people would be unhappy through high revenue enhancements. Germany had lost many of their industrial states and there was high unemployment. This did non assist Germany financially. There were no revenue enhancements from other states so Germany was worse off. The German would experience peculiarly humiliated and angry through this point as they felt that they alone were non responsible for all the costs of the war attempt. In add-on. they would be under changeless humiliation. as they would ever experience. as they owe something. They besides would non hold a opportunity for their economic system to turn. as they couldn’t invest. This would dent their pride as they would non be known as a powerful state. Germany was really severely affected by the depression and since 1929 ; unemployment had been on the rise. By Ja nuary 1933 the unemployment figure in Germany had risen to 6. 100. 000. bing concerns were making really severely and homelessness and poorness had become really common amongst immature people. Taxs were raised and unemployment benefits were cut. The government’s failure to cover with the depression left the Nazis with a really defeated state. particularly the business communities. workers. immature people and husbandmans ( who had been making severely since 1925. ) The economic crisis allowed Hitler and the Nazis to come in Germany’s political scene. which is what they had antecedently been seeking to make. If it hadn’t have been for this awful economic crisis so Germany would likely still have been making moderately good under Gustav Stresemann’s leading and the Germans would hold had no demand to re-consider re-electing Stresemann. The Depression helped the Nazis addition much needed support because it meant that Weimar authorities was making severely. The outlook of Germany were no longer being met by the authorities. which meant that the Germans had to re-consider who they were traveling to vote for at the following election. This means that the two grounds ( The Depression and Weimar ) are li nked closely. because it was Weimar’s failure to cover with the depression that allowed the Nazis to prehend their chance and set their new. more peaceable and caring attack into action. In November 1917. the world’s first communist authorities set up in Russia USSR. Many socialist and Communist in German supported the thought of Communism distributing to German. In November 1918. Germany was dislocated and discontent. In add-on. Communists sparticists began an extreme and violent effort to subvert the new Weimar authorities. Soldiers and crewmans were in rebellion. Finally. in January 1919. exsoldiers ( the free Corps ) violently put down the communism rebellion and the sparticist leaders were murdered. In March 1919. more public violences occurred and work stoppages by Communists in Berlin began. In early 1919. the socialist leader Kurt Eisher was shot by a right wing extremist in Bavaria and it seemed to German people that they were earnestly threatened by Communist violent. Communism became more utmost and set up a Soviet manner democracy. In maintaining with Communist philosophy. they took money and belongings from rich people and redistributed them to the workers. After the Red Communist Army was set up. the Weimar authorities sent in the free Corps military personnels to beleaguer Munich. Six hundred Communists and protagonists were ki lled. Communist workers started work stoppage and they set up a Communist ground forces of 50 50. 000 members. Again. the free Corps moved in and killed 2000 workers. Therefore. there was tonss of grounds that shows that Communism was a violent and existent menace in German. Besides many people feared and resented Communism and wanted a strong party or leader to stand up to the Communist and extinguish Communism in German. Propaganda was an of import tool used by both Germany and Russia. Hitler appointed a adult male by the name of Joseph Goebbles to head the Ministry of Public Enlightenment in Germany. This adult male used newspapers. magazines. and wireless to distribute Nazism. Even if a adult male bathed in ideas of discontent at place. he was bombarded with propaganda in public. and at the workplace. Banners hung from edifice. postings on about every mark or lamppost. Anyone with a leery expression on his or her face was foremost detained. and the sent to a prison cantonment. It was no longer merely desirable to be a Nazi sing the benefits like authorities contracts or being able to stand foremost in line. but necessary for employment. Russia employed much the same tactics with much more accent on fright. The signifier of propaganda that Hitler used. and was successful in utilizing. was his words. Hitler made many addresss. but the most celebrated address. was his concluding address at his test for lese majesty. In this address he gave his positions and sentiments on the events predating the test. This is an extract from his address: â€Å"†¦I aimed from the first to†¦ . go the destroyer of Marxism†¦ . The ground forces that we are constructing grows more from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. from hr to hr. Gentlemen. non you who will be the 1s that deliver the finding of fact over us. but that finding of fact will be given by the ageless judgement of history. which will talk out against the accusal that has been made against us†¦ . That tribunal will judge us†¦ . as Germans ( who ) wanted merely the best for their people and their Fatherland. who fought and were willing to decease. You might merely every bit good happen us guilty a 1000 times. but the goddess of the ageless tribunal of history will smile and rupture up the gestures of the provinces lawyer and the judgement of this tribunal: for she finds us non guilty† . After Hitler gave this address. the tribunal was sympathetic towards him. he was sentenced to merely five old ages in prison for his offense. After nine months of his sentence had been served. he received word. Bing able to derive Nazi party control and addition adequate protagonists. proves that he was an efficient user of propaganda. Hitler besides had his ain curate of propaganda when he became leader of the state. This proves that Hitler was a user of propaganda. In decision. due to the grounds shown. such as the great depression. disfavor of the weak Weimar authorities. economic jobs. fright and work stoppages of the communism and successful techniques that Hitler used to derive their people support. We can see that Hitler became a powerful totalitarian dictator Sue to his development of jobs faced by Germany and her people. How to cite World War One Germany Essay, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Gay Teenagers And Suicide Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Gay Teenagers And Suicide Essay, Research Paper Community and School Support for Gay Youth Many homosexuals and sapphic young persons are fortunate to hold households that are supportive. Some are fortunate to travel to high schools that have gay, sapphic, bisexual and transgender groups that met on the premises. Some schools make outstanding attempts to be safe topographic points, both physically and emotionally. But this is some, non all? and surely non most. Most attempts to form for adolescent homosexuals are met with contempt in communities and schools. Attempts are frequently rallied against. Fortunate homosexual young person have household and friends that support them and maintain them out of the clasp of adolescent depression. Bing homosexual in the conformist and frequently homophobic ambiance of junior and senior high schools drives many to do utmost picks. If untreated, the sense of desperation childs feel when they don? T flow with the mainstream can take to suicide. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Teenagers And Suicide Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although a recent University survey said homosexualism and androgyny are non important factors in self-destruction efforts, self-destructive ideas or suicide purposes for teenage misss, the same can non be said for the male childs. The survey, published in an August edition of the American Journal of Public Health, claimed homosexual or bisexual junior high school and senior high school male childs are seven times more likely than heterosexual male childs of the same age to describe self-destruction efforts. The research said 131 male respondents identified themselves as # 8220 ; bisexual or mostly/100 per centum homosexual. # 8221 ; More than 28 per centum of them reported suicide efforts. That is compared to more than 4 per centum of heterosexual opposite numbers claiming self-destruction efforts. Traditionally, females are up to nine times more likely to try suicide than m ales, harmonizing to American Association of Suicidology paperss. Males, though, are six times more likely to finish a self-destruction, a fact attributed to greater pistol usage for self-destruction by males. The University findings placed heterosexual misss in the 14 per centum scope for reported self-destruction efforts. About 20 per centum of homosexual or bisexual teenage misss responded likewise. Research workers used the findings to propose that homosexuality/bisexuality in itself is non a lone clincher of self-destruction hazard for teens. Heterosexual and homosexual or bisexual misss had about unvarying rates of self-destructive ideas or purpose. These statistics led research workers to reason that sexual orientation is non the cause of self-destruction efforts because it does non run that manner in misss. Alternatively, research workers point to other factors for the high rates of reported self-destruction efforts for homosexual males. Factors such as verbal and physical torment, substance usage or isolation of male childs thought of as sexually different than their heterosexual equals contribute to their high rates of self-destruction. In 1989, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released a study saying that up to a 3rd of all adolescent self-destructions were committed by cheery young persons. The cogency of these findings has been at the bosom of het argument of all time since. The University survey is one effort to legalize the relationship between homosexuality/bisexuality and self-destruction. The survey utilised informations from a 1987 study of more than 36,000 Minnesota pupils in classs seven to 12. The study was filled out by 95 per centum of the pupils. Research workers from the University # 8217 ; s Youth and AIDS Project said their # 8220 ; unbiased # 8221 ; findings end contentions over whether there is a relationship between homosexualism and self-destruction.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Violence In Society Essays - Domestic Violence, Abuse, Crime

Violence In Society Violence in Society The first reaction to hearing about the topic of battered men, people tend to think of it as being absolutely false or very uncommon. Battered husbands are a topic for jokes because people always assume that it is the women who are battered. One researcher noted that wives were the perpetrators in seventy-three percent of the depictions of domestic violence in newspaper comics. Battered husbands have historically been either ignored or subjected to ridicule and abuse. Even those of us who like to consider ourselves liberated and open-minded often have a difficult time even imagining that husband battering could take place. Although feminism has opened many of our eyes about the existence of domestic violence, the abuse of husbands is a rarely discussed phenomenon. One reason that husband battering is not investigated is that it is a rare occurrence. Another reason is that because women were seen as weaker and more helpless than men pertaining to sex roles, and men on the other hand were seen as more sturdy and self-reliant. The study of abused husbands is considered to be unimportant. In 1974, research was done to compare male and female domestic violence. In this study, it was found that forty seven percent of husbands had used physical violence on their wives, and thirty-three percent of wives had used violence on their husbands(Gelles 1974). Also in 1974, a study was released showing that the number of murders of women by men was about the same as the number of murders of men by women. Although it had finally been shown that there was violence being perpetrated both by wives and husbands, there was no evidence about the severity or who initiated the abuse and who is acting in self-defense. The idea of women being violent is a hard thing for many people to believe. It goes against the stereotype of the passive and helpless female. This, in spite of the fact that women are known to be more likely than men to commit child abuse and child murder. Laws about domestic violence is always orientated toward the female victim. Society states that it is the woman who suffer from abuse. These reasons explain why most abused men, no matter how capable they are of doing so, offer little or no resistance to their partners' physical violence. And many women, well aware of these fears, may actually continue their abuse, knowing they can get away with it. While battered men find few facilities or support, there are a variety of programs (many of which are run by feminist men's groups) to help abusive men deal more effectively with their violence. But for violent women--strangely enough--no comparable treatment programs exist. This fact further illustrates a serious problem: society is simply unwilling--or unable--to acknowledge and deal with violent women.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Cross Cultural Business Negotiations Essays

Cross Cultural Business Negotiations Essays Cross Cultural Business Negotiations Paper Cross Cultural Business Negotiations Paper Business negotiation Is a lengthy, difficult process In Itself, and becomes extremely Intricate when cultural aspects are Involved. However, cross cultural business negotiation is an unavoidable part of international business today, so learning more about the process is an important undertaking. When two negotiating parties from different cultural backgrounds attempt to communicate, the potential for disagreement and misunderstanding is great. The Chinese are generally recognized to have a tough negotiating style. People from other cultural backgrounds, especially from the West, often find the behavior of Chinese negotiators strange and unintelligible. This Is why much attention has been given to studying the Chinese negotiation style. So far, most research on the topic has focused on successful negotiations and very little has been done to examine the barriers to negotiation. Literature Review This literature review seeks to highlight specific Chinese cultural traits that characterize Chinese negotiation behavior and to Identify possible barriers to negotiating with the Chinese. It begins with a brief outline of negotiations and stagnation theories followed by an examination of cross cultural dimensions. Three important Chinese cultural traits: Confucianism, face and Guiana are then discussed in detail to complement the universal dimensions. Negotiation and the Negotiation Process Negotiation has been a topic of research for several decades and, as a result, many defenseless are available. Grammar understands negotiation as a process of two or more parties combining their conflicting points of view into a single decision of mutual interest. Ferreira defines negotiation as a process between propel who share mom common interests, people who stand to benefit from bringing the process to a successful conclusion. The difference between these two definitions exemplifies the development of negotiation studies : Grammar emphasis that negotiation Is mainly used to resolve conflicts, while Ferreira believes negotiation Is an approach to better cooperation. At the present, although no definition of negotiation is universal, most authors hold the view that any negotiation involves two or more parties who have both common and conflicting interest, and who interacts with one another for the purpose of reaching a mutually beneficial agreement. The negotiation process is also divided differently by individual theorists. McCall and Harrington use three-stage model which Involves pre negotiation, fee to face Interaction and post negotiation. Graham and Sans Develop a four step negotiation process: Non task sounding: negotiating parties get to know each other. Task related exchange of information: parties subjective needs and preferences open to discussion. Persuasion: parties attempt to influence the other sides needs and preferences by using persuasive tactics. Concessions and agreement: parties accomplish an agreement which often is the summation of a series of concessions. The above process is referred in the negotiations. Behavior Theory Behavior theory focuses on human behaviors during negotiation. Rene, Mamba and Jug note that behavior theory attempts to analyses the negotiation processes in which negotiators influence each others expectations, perceptions, assessments, and decisions during the search for an outcome, thereby affecting the outcome. They also note three approaches to the study of behavior. The psychological approach focuses on analyzing negotiators personalities, perceptions, expectations and their persuasive techniques. The learning approach views negotiation as a earning process in which each party is largely dependent on its experience of the results of past actions by the two parties. Last, but not least, the dual responsiveness model shows that a negotiators response is a function of his own previous pattern of making concessions as well as the opponents concession rate. The physiological approach can be relevant to our analysis since we focus on examining behaviors of people from different cultures. Cross Cultural Negotiation Chaney and Martin define cross cultural negotiation as discussions of common and conflicting interests between persons of different cultural backgrounds who work to each an agreement of mutual benefits. Cross cultural negotiation is more challenging than mono cultural negotiation. In a cross cultural environment, the negotiation process increases in complexity with the need to consider the factors of different languages and cultures, which are not relevant in a mono cultural environment. Ferreira states that when negotiating within our own culture, it is possible to operate effectively at the intuitive and unconscious level. However, when we leave our familiar cultural context and enter into international negotiations, the scene changes dramatically. There are no longer shared values, interests, goals, ethnically principles, or cultural assumptions between negotiating parties. Different values, attitudes, interests, behaviors, and languages may produce different negotiation styles, which, if not managed well, can lead to misunderstanding and disagreement and can even break up business relationships. Confucianism Confucianism emphasis the responsibilities of individuals toward one another within five important human relationships; those between ruler and subject, husband and wife, father and son, brother and brother, and friend and friend. Confucianism also advocates a social order that values duty, loyalty, honor, filial piety, respect for age seniority, and sincerity. Confucianism has implications for negotiating with the Chinese. According to Fang, Confucianism is more concerned with righteousness and humanenesss than profit. This explains why Chinese negotiators do not rush into formal contract discussions, but take considerable time to build up trust with their negotiation partners. From the perspective of Western business people, an initial meeting with China individuals is seldom a successful one, as the Chinese tend to heir partners. In addition, because Confucianism holds that business is governed by a moralistic notion of sincerity and trust more than by a legalistic concept of contract, Chinese business sis largely build on trust rather than law. Chinese negotiate deals with their partners most effectively when sufficient trust has been established between the parties. A verbal agreement with Chinese business people is as effective as a written contract. Finally, Confucianism advocates the relative importance of knowing others and the relative unimportance of beige known. This is the reason why Chinese negotiators are so attentive to discern the interests and personalities of their negotiation partners and defensive about freely disseminating information about themselves. Face Face is described as a projected social image in a diverse range of communicative situations. More specifically, face implies status and prestige and is a mark of personal dignity. The Chinese are invariably characterized by Western business people as being tough negotiators. The factor of face can be important reason for this tendency. Here, two Chinese faced related terms can be crucial for understanding Chinese negotiation: giving face and losing face. Giving face during negotiations can be understood as showing respect to negotiators on the other side of the table and recognizing the status and moral reputation of the negotiators in society. It is important for Western business people to protect their Chinese counterparts face, but it is perhaps even more important to give face to the,. Losing faces takes place when one negotiator denounces the status and reputation of another. In negotiations, a Chinese negotiator will lose face if someone is critical of him in front of others. Treating Chinese negotiators as a Junior in rank when their official status is an organization is higher can also cause them to lose face, therefore, Brahms believes that it is important to give your Chinese counterpart face at the negotiation table without losing it yourself. Guiana Guiana,the Chinese term for relationship, is one of the most important Chinese cultural traits. It is also translated as personal contacts or personal connections. The concept of Guiana is not unique to China, but it is closely related to the five relations of Confucianism as part of the socio cultural tradition in China. The Chinese give considerable effort to developing Guiana, which is usually established among people who share a commonality of certain identities, for example, schoolmates, fellow villagers or old friends. Recommendations for Successful Negotiation with Chinese Negotiations are the talks that take place before a contract, deal or covenant is reached. Negotiations represent the process by which two or more parties are able to meet mutually agreement. The process may or monotony incorporate mechanisms for building trust so that two parties can work together for the benefit for both. Negotiation is called tan pan in Chinese and literally means to Judge and discuss years to perfect. Others believe that successful negotiations can stem from natural talent that is inherent to the makeup of some personalities. The Chinese concept of negotiation rests on creating a framework for long term cooperation and problem solving. The American negotiation concept is to create a onetime agreement between two parties (Lee, Yang, Graham,2006) Preparing Americans need to take more time than usual in preparing for negotiations (Needed, 2010). Americans should also try to gain as much knowledge about the partners tuition, intent and capabilities. As mentioned above, they need to study the fundamental differences in culture and expectations before negotiating (Ford, Layout, Vital, French,1996) It is customary that the foreigners shows his hand or proposal first when visiting the Chinese (Pee, 1992). Letters of intent are necessary to open the doors to more fruitful negotiations. These letters have no binding ability according to the Chinese. After the letters of intent, the negotiation start with the general principles and then move to the details. In high context culture such as Chinas, Americans should be careful not to rush the transition from general to specific. Context of the deal Knowing the context of the deal is very important. A westerner who has a lot of knowledge about local government involvement in local business is very credible. It is also very helpful if the westerner knows the regulations and policies that pertain to the industry that it is doing business with in China (Needed,2010) Your negotiating partner You should do a background check and know whom are you doing business with in China (Ghana,2008). In addition, the Chinese government owns or directs all state owned enterprises. That makes it critical that you nonoccurrence peoples Republic policy plan and priorities (Needed, 2010). American firms need to pay close attention to the direction the Chinese communist party is taking in regards to social and economic development. They should verify credibility by looking at past dealings in the Chinese company has made with other companies. Know yourself Knowing the big picture of your own company and how the deals will affect your company will help you look mode credible to the Chinese (Needed, 2010). Being aware of how government regulations in your own country may influence your company is ere important to the Chinese. This is because the Chinese are used to having government involved in all parts of business in their country (Ghana,2008) Strengths and Weakness of each company Be ready to show how each side will benefit from the deal in both social and economic value. Show the weaknesses in the local context of the proposal deal. It is worth nothing that businesses which have gone through internal and external analysis have a much better advantage when it comes to closing the deal (Needed, 2010) Operational Readiness The American company needs to be aligned to work with Chinese Style negotiations. The negotiation terms need to be cohesive and disciplined (Needed,2010). They must never disagree with each other openly, or in off the record talks that take place away from the main meeting. There should be one designated speaker, and if anyone else talks they should read from a script so that it shows company consensus. Saying too questions, rather than processing what they may consider useless information. Having a cultural interpreter can help give insights to non verbal communications and body language that is not familiar. The company should also have its own interpreter in addition to any official interpreter that has been assigned. Never ending negotiations Negotiations in china are never final (Ghana,2008). The Chinese use negotiations as a watt to build relationship over long extended periods of time. The signing of a contract in China signifies the beginning of a long term relationship with the Chinese. The Chinese believe that any written piece of paper. A contact starts a long run commitment and they assume that it will be revisited every now and then (Ghana, 2008) Places The Chinese like to conduct business negotiations in their offices and this is often the venue that is chosen by both parties. However, to start negotiations, take the Chinese out of to expensive restaurant, and later send them expensive gifts (Chaos,2000). After the restaurant and gifts, some preambles and proposals should be sent in the pre negotiations stage. All of these steps are required when building the trust that is needed in the Chinese style negotiations. Reputation The Chinese are advocates of sincerity (Lee et al. , 2006). They believe that all communication should be kind and well intentioned with lots of complements. Saying no directly is very taboo in the Chinese culture and almost of the time the subtle no hat the Chinese give is only recognizable by a Chinese cultural interpreter. The Chinese will give concessions sometimes Just to avoid any embarrassment and save their reputation or face (Lee et al. 2006). Communication Americans need to make sure that communications between the parties are understood and clear. Miscommunication in negotiations cause distrust, emotional turmoil and poor outcomes (Chaos,2000). The nonverbal and personal relations are far more important than any signed contact because Chinese contract law allows contracts to be in written, oral or other forms. Due to Chinese companies being owned by a state, negotiations may take longer than expected and instant answers may not be available. The government may have to review contracts several times before they allow the business to sign then or make any formal agreements. Americans contract law is very stringent while Chinas is more flexible. Contracts depend more on the relationships than the writing of the contract. The Chinese also like to keep their options open and they will be abandon a deal if a sweeter one opens up. It is critical to have a predetermined method for resolving any disputes hat arise. This is usually done through the use of clauses at the end of contract. The clauses satisfy the Chinese need to practice Confucian aversion to law and may involve arbitration (Ghana, 2008). A number of barriers in this business meeting led to a failure in collaboration. Identifying these communication barriers can also be relevant to diplomacy since meetings and negotiations are essential for international relations. We therefore make the following recommendations for both business and diplomacy in order to help overcome these barriers. Make an effort to learn Chinese culture and behavior. Be parent during the non task sounding process. Chinese usually need time to build trust and create Guiana with their counterparts before deciding to move ahead with the negotiation. Make sure that trust has been successfully built into the task related exchange of information process, because Chinese individuals will provide adequate and useful information only to people they trust. This will eventually make the persuasion process easier. Remember that entry to the concessions and agreement process is not the sign of a successful negotiation. Developing good Guiana with Chinese negotiators and respecting Chinese cultural traits is the basis for moving forward in this process. Successful Negotiations Negotiations are usually more successful when the two parties involved are cooperative with each other (Chaos, 2000). Using the cooperative Confusion tactics instead of the warrior like Sun Thus stratagems will have better results. When problem solving strategies are used by both firms there is a higher chance of success. It helps if the western company can show that they have government support, this is shows that they are stable, reliable and credible. Talking to your counterpart instead of threatening legal action always result in a better solution given the Confucian aversion to law. Also keeping things as local as possible should pacify the Chinese wariness of foreigners which has great weight in their culture. You should maintain the same team that you start with A successor will not inherit your Guiana, or friends. The Chinese do not do business with your company they do business with you. Always add a cushion to your price. The Chinese are accustomed to haggling over every purchase and expect everyone else to be the same way, especially if you are sitting their country. Be careful too high of a price could insult your Chinese counterpart, so pad your price wisely and in a culturally appropriate manner. If you can, you should help your counterparts around any bureaucratic obstacles that mat get in their way. Inviting the Chinese to go aboard to your country can add tremendously to your success. Failures Failures can come from a variety of unexpected sources. The most reason for failure is that the Chinese firm lacks the funds to go through with a deal (Fan,2006). Sometimes the cultural interpreter may not realize that the Chinese firm was insincere in their offer. If the tone of the negotiations becomes one of fluctuation and lack of cooperation, then the failure is almost certain. Showing anger, raising your voice or changing your tone could be seen as uncooperative behavior. Also if you send a low ranking employee, the Chinese will consider you impolite, be insulted and doubt your sincerity. They will send a matching low ranking employee of their own just to match you, but he will not be allowed to negotiate with you. The Chinese have regional areas Just like the United States and there are very different cultures, radiations, and sometimes languages in these regions. Not acknowledging these regions can cause you to have limited success in one area and a complete failure to Conclusion Culture can have a large impact on the success of international business and negotiations between companies doing business across borders, in particular. The chasm between Chinese culture, business and negotiating practices and that of Americans is vast. The cultures differ in the basic philosophies and deep level assumption, as well as strategies and operational styles. When the two culture engage, the opportunities of major misunderstanding are rife. If westerns follow their typical manner of doing business and the Chinese followed theirs, there would likely be few deals and two cultures would clash terribly. An understanding of cultural influences and a willingness to bridge and accommodate differences is therefore central to successful business partnerships. This paper explored barriers in negotiating with Chinese business representatives and analyses authentic business meetings across cultures using theoretical framework based on negotiation behavior, discourse analysis and intercultural dimensions. Confucianism, face and Unix were so incorporated in the framework. Specific barriers relating to different cultural values were identified in each of the process of negotiation. The analysis showed that the major barrier was related to the first process of non task sounding and a series of recommendations were made based on this paper. Since it is a mutual responsibility for both negotiation parties to understand the cultural realities of their negotiation partners, it is worthwhile for Western diplomats and business people to disseminate their cultural values to their Chinese counterparts as well.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Fashion Design Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion Design - Term Paper Example Fashion designers have various responsibilities in their daily operations. First, they ought to be apt of innovating and producing concepts that are appealing and prospective. Additionally, they should have either the ability to construct sketches by hand or the ability to use a computer. They also should be apt of developing various appealing patterns, which they translate to their pieces. Moreover, they should be keen in overseeing and monitoring production of their aesthetic pieces. They ought to be in a position to analyze trends on fabric, shapes and colours. Fashion designers operate at any time, and may end up working for long hours. They usually participate in fashion shows, compile collections and derive samples for prospective buyers. They may as well attend the shows as auditors; involve themselves in prediction fairs among other activities such as visiting of prospective clientele and exhibitions. Travel is apparently mandatory and overtly necessary for fashion designers (Jones 22). They have promising salaries at their disposal, such as sixty thousand pounds annually. Fashion designers ought to be competent and creative whenever they embark in their work. They have as eye for colour, patterns and textures. They have the aptitude to visualize things in three perspectives or dimensions. Additionally, they possess technical skills in areas such as garment making, grading and cutting of appealing patterns that are aesthetic and pleasing to their clientele.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

General Motors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

General Motors - Research Paper Example companies trailed voluntary petitions for assistance under Title 11 of the United States of Bankruptcy code as per Chapter 11 reorganization (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). In this scenario GM, had filed a motion to gain approval by the Bankruptcy court, which led to the creation of NGMCO, Inc. However, after the purchase of â€Å"Old GM† by NGMCO, it was again renamed as General Motor Company. This evolution of new operations advocated in favor of the fact that the bankruptcy conversion was guided by the concept of â€Å"pre-packaged† Chapter 11 reorganization (Stoll & Terlep, 2009). GM’s filing for bankruptcy in 2009 indeed marked one of the darkest falls in the automobile history. Although the turn of events that led to GM’s bankruptcy had been predictive, critics were of the view that the sole reasons for the automobile giant’s fall was hidden in its managerial faults as well as sudden upsurge of the global economic downturn. As mentioned in The Economists (2009), â€Å"The collapse of General Motors into bankruptcy is only the latest chapter in a long story of mismanagement and decline†. According to the reports, there were various reasons behind the bankruptcy of GM. One of the major reasons of the bankruptcy was argued to be its mismanagement of finances and poor liquidity structure. Critics also argued that ineffective forecast of the external business environment affected the efficiency of the company in the global market, where its stagnancy in brand exposure also hampered its long run sustainability. In addition, the company also failed in taking requisite measures to file for bankruptcy, which affected its stakeholders’ interests to a substantial extent (Carty, 2009). Most effective course of action to solve the problem. As can be observed from the above context, the primary problem inherent to GM’s failure was related to its managerial deficiencies. In this regard, application of the cognitive theory could have been

Monday, November 18, 2019

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Land law - Essay Example The major factor that will be taken into consideration by the Courts is how the Covenant is drafted. In the case of Martin v David Wilson Homes ltd2, the use of the word â€Å"a† in the covenant denoted a greater deal of flexibility than the use of the word â€Å"one† in the case of Crest Nicholson v McAllister3, where the Covenant was deemed to be fully enforceable. In this case, the drafting of the Covenant is very clear that the property is not to be used to set up licensed premises such as a bar and will be strictly enforceable, especially because it is also registered, and therefore negate the young couple’s purpose in purchasing the property. If Maggie and Dave choose to ignore the restrictive covenant and continue with building a bar on the premises, it could be demolished, as was the case in Mortimer and Another v Bailey and Another4, a restrictive covenant was successfully enforced to demolish a building. However working in their favor is the recent case of Sugarman and Porter and Others5 where an existing restrictive covenant on a property was deemed to be valid only up to the period the land remained unsold. In order for a restrictive covenant to be enforceable against subsequent owners such as Maggie and Dave, the land benefiting from the Covenant must be identifiable, but in this case the neighboring land belongs to a brewery which is not likely to benefit from the restrictive covenant against a bar on the premises. It is not immediately clear who can press for enforcement of this restrictive covenant, which was the same issue raised in the case of Crest.6 Maggie and Dave can also invoke the provisions of Section 84 of the Land and property Act of 1925, under which the Lands Tribunal may modify or discharge a restrictive covenant on a freehold title where over 40 years have passed. An application can be made by the young couple on the grounds that the existing covenant is an obstruction on the reasonable use of the property which

Friday, November 15, 2019

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller | Analysis

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller | Analysis A View from the Bridge is a play set in Brooklyn in the 1950s and was written by Arthur Miller. He wrote this play based on different aspects in his life as he lived in Brooklyn as a child and worked in the Brooklyn shipyards like Eddie and befriended the Italians he worked with. Miller heard a story of some men coming over to work illegally and being betrayed which inspired him to write A View from a Bridge. It was originally a one act play, but he changed it into a two-act play later on. The play includes ideas from Greek tragedies, which is where the character of Eddie links into. Alfieri, another main character acts as a Greek chorus, a vital role in a Greek tragedy and he watches the action, comments on it and talks to the audience directly, like a narrator. We see him in many different roles throughout the play and each role adding to the dramatic impact of the play. The first role Alfieri takes on is as a narrator, which is at the start of the play. You wouldnt have known it, but something amusing has just happened. You see how uneasily they nod to me? Alfieri uses the word you to include the audience and to make them feel involved. Also, as the narrator he highlights the importance of certain scenes and actions, as after the scene when Marco and Rodolpho arrive, Alfieri starts to talk again saying Eddie Carbone had never expected to have a destiny implying that because Beatrices cousins have come to stay, something will change. Alfieri also mentions that we settle for half and uses repetition as in the first speech and the very last speech after Eddie has died he says that it is better to settle for half, it must be. By using the word we Alfieri is again involving the audience and making them think that they should settle for half as well as Eddie, and is therefore offering moral guidance to the audience. Furthermore by saying it must be better to settle for half, and using an imperative, Alfieri is trying to convince the audience and even himself that appreciating what youve got must be better than dying like Eddie did. When Alfieri is narrating the play, Arthur Miller uses dramatic devices for example using stage lights to focus on Alfieri, so the audience know what he is saying is very important. The title of the play A View from a Bridge has many different meanings, as it could be seen as Alfieris view from the bridge, as he is the one narrating the events and telling his view on the events that unfold. Furthermore the title is literally the play, which is set in Brooklyn Bridge and is about the community around the area and the actions that happen which Alfieri tells as a narrator. Also the bridge could be a metaphor for the differences between Alfieris view on justice and Eddies differing opinions and can also incorporate Alfieris view that we should settle for half as to do this you may need to compromise and meet in the middle, like the middle of the bridge. Another interpretation on the title is that the bridge is like a bridge between Eddies community in Brooklyn and Marco and Rodolphos community in Italy and they both have to understand each others way of life by using this bridge to help them. Another role Alfieri takes on is a character in the play as a lawyer. He gives Eddie advice on how to deal with Rodolpho and Catherine: Let her go. Thats my advice. You did your job, now its her life; wish her luck and let her go. The audience trust Alfieri, because of his character as a lawyer as more often then not they are seen to be trustworthy and reliable. As well as advising Eddie, he also warns him when he feels Eddie is going too far. Because of Alfieris narration running through the play, the audience can see that there is a theme of law and justice running through the play. He explains these themes by giving more information about the different communities telling the audience that the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten, implying that the Americans of Red Hook do not really believe in the law. Alfieri attempts to explain the law to Eddie and Marco, telling them that the law is nature. The law is only a word for what has a right to happen. So when Eddie chooses to find justice by his own means, Alfieri feels that he cannot get involved and he cant do anything to stop Eddie. In the first scene when Alfieri meets with Eddie as a lawyer he describes Eddies eyes like tunnels. This simile gives the impression of a dark journey ahead of Eddie and gives the audience an image that Eddie cannot escape his fate that has been predicted by Alfieri as the audience already know its going to happen. It could also suggest that Eddie was thinking deeply or that he had many dark feelings rushing around his head. In this scene Alfieri is powerless to prevent what is going to happen and this creates tension and suspense because the audience want to know what is going to happen next. I could see every step coming, step after step. Alfieri also acts as a warning sign, by preparing the audience for events that are about to happen. You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie! By using the phrase you wont Alfieri is warning Eddie that something is definitely going to happen and that he should be careful. As the weeks passed, there was a future; there was a trouble that would not go away. By using repetition, Alfieri is emphasizing the point that something is going to happen and is making the audience think through what will happen and why and therefore keeps them hooked. Arthur Miller uses dramatic irony as the audience and Alfieri know something is going to happen, however the characters in the play are oblivious to this. Alfieri informs the audience that his customers are prepared to settle for half, however in the final paragraph he tells the audience that something else is going to happen by using the phrase and yet. Alfieri uses the quote bloody course to paint an image in the audiences head of blood and violence and the images that are left in the audiences mind leaves them curious about the rest of the play which creates dramatic tension. It also shows Alfieris importance in the rest of the play, as it shows he is predicting the play and Eddies fate. In the last sentence of Alfieris first speech, he links to his past saying every few years there is still a case to tell the audience that this story will definitely be tragic. He then introduces Eddie: This ones name was Eddie Carbone, and the fact that Alfieri immediately mentions Eddie after talking about that culture of Red Hook and also speaks about him in the past tense shows that his fate has already come to an end and gives another indication that Eddie will die at the end of the play so the audience are left wondering not what will happen to him but how it will happen. The way in which this quote is presented shows that Eddie is one of many of Alfieris clients whose tragic story is like many others in Italy that die of unfair causes. The setting of Red Hook is a poor community and Alfieri creates the atmosphere of Red Hooks by describing it as the slum that faces the bay seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. There is a lot of cultural context linked into the story as Alfieri comes from the same Italian background as Eddie; therefore he understands both American and Italian lifestyles and he helps the audience to understand the 1950s Brooklyn society in which the characters live. Alfieri also explains how the rich and the poor are divided in their community by their jobs and states that Eddie has a hard job as a longshoreman working on the docks. I often think that behind that suspicious little nod of theirs lie three thousand years of distrust. This is a quote that Alfieri says at the beginning of the play which gives the audience an insight into what Red Hook is like and suggests that there is a lot of dishonesty in the area. He mentions the characters Al Capone and Frankie Yale who were former Italians that had a history of crime and violence, In those days, Al Capone the greatest Carthaginian of all was learning his trade on these pavements, and Frankie Yale himself was cut precisely in half by a machine gun, he uses this quote to emphasise the case that he is about to handle which shows that it will be of violent nature and he also uses this quote to show that the play will end tragically. The audience sees Alfieri as a character in the play when Eddie goes to see him for advice. However Alfieri feels that he cannot help Eddie as he knows about the disaster that is going to happen at the end of the play so he feels powerless over Eddie as his friend and his lawyer and cannot prevent the decisions Eddie is choosing to make. Another role Alfieri takes on which is a very important part in the play is as a moral commentator. Alfieri gives his own views and opinions on the characters and their actions and this guides the audience rather than allowing them to make their own minds up. The audience has the same opinion of the narrator because Alfieri talks directly to them affecting their view on the situation and characters and they believe everything he says. Alfieri comments on Eddies moral character saying he was as good a man as he had to be in life that was hard and even, and he explains that Eddie is neither entirely good nor entirely bad. Alfieri only guides the audien ce influencing their opinion, but sometimes gives two differing opinions on Eddie allowing the audience to make up their own minds. In the play there are only two acts, which is unusual for a play; however there is many different things that happen in these two acts. As an audience we see that Alfieri is very important to the structure of A View From A Bridge as he is the character that opens the play and ends the play with his two dramatic speeches therefore adding to Alfieris dramatic impact to the play. Finally Alfieri acts as the Greek chorus in the play, explaining the events on stage to the audience without actually participating in them. He has to know a lot about each of the main characters and actions to be an effective chorus; however he communicates with the audience more thoroughly than with the characters, to inform them of the actions and thoughts of the characters. The idea of the narrator was developed in the Greek tragedies of the 5th century called the chorus who commented on the actions of characters in the play which is like Alfieri. A Greek Tragedy was originally a play that consisted of tragic events with a main character (like Eddie) whos fate would soon come to an end and usually die at the end. A View from a Bridge uses the conventions of a Greek Tragedy, as Arthur Miller used a final climax in the play where Eddie Carbone (one of the main characters) tragically dies, which suggests his play is based on a traditional Greek tragedy. In conclusion Alfieri helps contribute to the dramatic impact of the play in many different ways, because of his different roles but also because as an audience we know that what is going to happen as Alfieri predicted the events to come which adds tension and suspense. Throughout the play Alfieri keeps emphasizing that we should settle for half, which shows that Arthur Millar was trying to give a moral message to the audience and also society saying that they should settle for half, and always bring justice to the world as otherwise we might end up with Eddies fate. Bibliography www.bbcbitesize.co.uk www.sparknotes.co.uk

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life :: Road Not Taken essays

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life This poem by Robert Frost was first read to me in the last year of my high school experience. Back then, not only did I have absolutely no interest in any literary work, but moreover, had no intension to lye there and analyze a poem into its symbolic definitions. Only now have I been taught the proper way to read a literary work as a formalistic critic might read. With this new approach to literature I can understand the underlying meaning to Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken". In addition to merely grasping the author's intension, I was able to justly incur that this poem, without directly mentioning anything about life's decisions, is in its entirety about just that. Robert Frost interpreted most of the decisions we make in life into this twenty-line poem of a man choosing which path to take in a "yellow wood". Everyday I make a decision to do a certain task, take that certain walk, or to sit at home and do absolutely nothing. Being one person, I can never know for sure what the exact outcome might be if I were to choose the other decision. For instance, I take a leisurely walk every night and I sacrifice my time to do something else. Although this may not always account to me personally, I do sometimes think what the other choice may have brought me. And often times, I complete the task with a sense of relief, a "sigh" perhaps, that the choice I made turned to be a well-made decision. Though most people rarely look into the sacrifice of decision making the way Robert Frost does, it is indeed a highly examined way too understand "a path less traveled by". The first stanza introduced the reader to the decision the author would have to make. "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood" to me signified that the result of his decision would arise from the same origin to which in my own life, I can reflect on. And though he would like to have seen the outcome of both paths, he knew he could only choose one. And to help him decide, he would look down both choices and see only until the road took a bend.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Metapath’s capital structure Essay

Questions: 1. Analyze Metapath’s capital structure, in particular the various forms and prices of preferred stock from the previous rounds of financing. How has this capital structure affected the offer from Robertson & Stephens? How would RSC’s participating preferred interact with the other tranches of preferred stock? Up to the date in issue, Metapath has raised $9m in four rounds of financing, of which two occurred simultaneously in the beginning. The two participating investors, Bessemer and STI, which supplied the initial funds, received redeemable preferred for the total amount of $1.6m, the third and fourth rounds brought in $1m and $7m respectively (in both cases preferred convertible were issued), with the calculated price for common being the same for the first three rounds ($1.05) and higher ($1.62) for the fourth round. In case of non-conversion, the last issue was supposed to be paid out first, then the last but one, finally, the first two issues, on a pro rata basis. All of the issues had demand registration rights provision, however, the third and the fourth issues, had more leeway in the exercising of the rights (not only on request of 50%+ of all the issues, but also after-IPO or specific date (July 31, 1999), whichever is earlier), thus protecting the interests of the holders. That said, in fact the holders of the two first issues in many respects enjoyed the position of debt holders, with a scheduled payment of principal and dividends. Given the structure and the fact the managers hadn’t invested from their own pockets, RSC suggested investment in participating convertible preferred shares supposed to protect RSC from possible early sale, which would enrich the management disproportionally and leave RSC abused. Through PCPT, RSC would be able to keep both liquidation preference (with the right to receive the first payment in the amount of invested capital and accrued, not unpaid dividend (8%), before any other security holders receive their part) and equity participation along with other investors (after payment of similar to its own liquidation preference), thus, staying in a highly beneficial position. 2. How do you analyze the RSC offer? In particular, what is the value of the  participating preferred feature of the RSC syndicate? What are the risks to the Metapath shareholders if the board accepts the RSC offer? Even though the company has only projected its activity one quarter forward, is it possible to assess the reasonableness of the valuation? (The ten-year treasury rate in September 1997 was 6.21%). To value the participating feature, first, calculate the options’ values for $11.75% and $87.75 million exercise prices. For calculation, assume: ten-year option price; 40% volatility (corresponding to the middle stock volatility range 20-40%); abovementioned exercise prices ($11.75% and $87.75 million); valuation of $87.75 million is reflective of a true â€Å"asset† value; interest rate of 6.21% (as suggested). Apply Black-Scholes model to receive prices of $81.44 and $49.44 million for the two strikes respectively. For $11.75 is 13.4% of post-money $87.75, the price of the issue is $10.91 and $6.62 million respectively; hence, the participation feature’s value is c. $4.29 million. Therefore, the corresponding share of the company, which makes choice irrelevant is $81.44*0.134/$49.44=22%, that is concession of 22% of the company without the participation feature will make Series E holders equally happy, the corresponding price is 0.134/0.22*$6=$3.65 per share. Acceptance by the board of the RSC’s offer will put Metapath shareholders will add a new senior holder to claim the proceeds, both in case of early liquidation and in case of successful exist. This offer will reduce shareholders’ wealth not only by capital dilution, but also by the absolute amount of investments of Series E holders even in the case of future success. With negative earnings and absence of predictable cash flows, one can do the rough check on the basis of P/Sales ratio (given both companies’ (Metapath and Celltech) similar capital structure, the proxy seems reasonable). With the last quarterly figures as of June 1997, when numbers were available for both Celltech and Metapath, and considering the market cap of Celltech of approximately 260 million, the valuation of around 130 million could be used, which means the company might be worth more. The projections per se, however, don’t tell the story as the two segments (system sales and services) are expected to demonstrate different dynamics, so further investigation is needed. A cautionary note on Black-Scholes model application should be made: 3. Is the Celltech offer reasonable? How should the Metapath board view the Celltech stock? What are the risks for the Metapath shareholders if the board accepts the Celltech offer? While the Celltech’s offers seems to be more reasonable in terms of price offered, the shareholders may face additional risks, including the risk of Celltech’s stock price. While possible liquidity within near future (90 days plus other possible restrictions, which is considerably less than its own IPO in 1+ years) as well as lack of dilution appealed to the managers, the fluctuation in the price of Celltech may wipeout the fortune (the stock had only a short history and the view of insiders doesn’t seem to strongly support Celltech). Furthermore, the fit of the Metapath and Celltech’s businesses is questionable, with Metapath potential possibly higher than that of Celltech, which on the other hand may have a limited upside. 4. If you were on the Metapath board, which option would you support? While the offer of RSC is restrictive in many ways, it is more attractive for a team that will manage to perform. With a set of potential liquidity and financial risk questions, which may arise from Celltech’s financing, Metapath board should not only consider the price, but also other terms (which eventually will incentivize the management in the long-term success and keep its interest in business). With this in mind Metapath board will be better off with the RSC’s proposal, rather than Celltech’s.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Space essays

Space essays The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the "bridge" between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This "bridge" seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world. A way to escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen: Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store: Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Laura's fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. Another symbol presented deals more with Tom than any of the other characters: Tom's habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where one can find adventure. And Tom, being a poet, can understand the needs of man to long for adventure and romance. But he is kept from entering reality by Amanda, who criticizes him as being a "selfish dreamer." But, Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seaman's Union. Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura, is Jim O'Connor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face, reality. Jim is a perfect example of "the common man." A person wi...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Isalm to 10 graders essays

Isalm to 10 graders essays You might be asking yourself at this point, Why should I care about the Islam religion and Muslims. The answer is that these are very important to the world and we need to be educated about the unknowns of our world. We ourselves are mainly ignorant to the rest of the world and that leads to misunderstanding and confused hatred. By simple learning about the basics of the religion and the culture we can come closer to peace and friendship. There are over 1.2 billion Muslims in the world. It is the fastest growing religion; one in five people in the world is now Muslim. Islam has been around for fourteen centuries so there must be something to it to stay around and attract new members. Many Americans have distorted views of the teachings of the Quran. There are violent passages in the Quran as well as the bible. People tend to take the Quran out of context and make it sound malicious and looking for conflicts when in reality it is the exact opposite. Jihad translated means effort, exertion, or struggle but has been popularly known as holy war which is not true. The Quran means surrender and is related to the word salam which means peace in Arabic. The religious wars referred to in the Quran are almost identical to those talked about in the bible and both promise a spot in heaven if you should die for the cause. Another topic that most outsiders are confused about is the treatment of women in the Muslim world. In the teachings of Islam the woman is to be well respected and honored. In some countries though, women are treated unfairly but that has nothing to do with the Quran or its teachings. Women are encouraged to be educated and make money. The world that Islam arose was one in need of structure. It was an ignorant world in complete chaos. The people at this time did not believe in an afterlife so they did not ca ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The effects of the titanic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The effects of the titanic - Essay Example The Titanic had enough lifeboats for first and second class passengers, but not for steerage. So the poor passengers almost all drowned, while the rich passengers mostly survived. Titanic carried 20 lifeboats, enough for 1178 people. The existing Board of Trade required a passenger ship to provide lifeboat capacity for 1060 people. Titanic's lifeboats were situated on the top deck. The boat was designed to carry 32 lifeboats but this number was reduced to 20 because it was felt that the deck would be too cluttered and thus pose an inconvenience to the first class passengers whom enjoyed strolling the deck. On a luxury ship, lifeboats for everyone would mean less room for games and sports on the upper decks. Passengers would have had to give up play areas for lifeboats (Lord, Lives On 85). White Star line tragically sacrificed safety for luxury. The question remains whether or not first and second class passengers received preference on the lifeboats. The White Star line claims there was no distinction between the three classes of passengers, however, only 25 percent of third class passengers were saved compared to 53 percent of first and second class passengers. The White Star line explained that third class passengers were more reluctant to leave the ship and they did not want to part from their belongings.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Re-Educating Healthcare Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice Research Paper

Re-Educating Healthcare Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice - Research Paper Example Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) present a serious challenge in the provision of healthcare services to patients in hospital settings. Studies you cite only one study indicate that about 80 The numbers of patients and HAIs have continuously risen; hence, it has been increasingly difficult to identify the actual population of patients suffering from HAIs (Monnet, 2012). Nevertheless, existing literature has produced a great deal of evidence indicating that hand hygiene practices among providers reduces HAIs. However, compliance rates to hand hygiene practices such as handwashing and gelling remain small, which makes it difficult to prevent HAIs. Specifically, healthcare related infections have been on the increase in the recent years, prompting serious investigations as to whether healthcare facilities were taking hand hygiene seriously. Global statistics indicates that the rate of hospital-acquired infections revolves around 25 percent, while also increasing costs involved in treating and managing HAIs in healthcare facilities (Kim &Kollak, 2006). However, substantive epidemiologic evidence supports the fact that hand hygiene helps to reduce the instances of HAIs in hospitals (Kim &Kollak, 2006). The primary underlying factor is that compliance with hand hygiene practices reduces the rates of related infections to a greater extent (Ivers, et al. 2012).

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Open Market Operations- How and Why They Are Conducted Term Paper

Open Market Operations- How and Why They Are Conducted - Term Paper Example During inflationary periods, there is a lot of money supply in the economy and the government needs to take drastic measures to control the money supply before the rate of inflation worsens. The securities are offered at a higher interest rate than those of private institutions which attract most investors to acquire them and relevant deductions are then made from their bank’s reserves/ accounts. This reduces the money supply in the economy as the amount of money available for consumption to the members will reduce and so will the amount of money available in commercial banks reserves for lending which means that even the lending rate will increase. When the money supply in an economy is limited, the government may decide to increase the supply by buying back part or most of its securities from the public. The government buys them back at the rates agreed during time of sale to the investor. This means that some money will be deposited in the respective investors’ accou nts which will increase their disposable incomes and subsequently their spending. This will also increase the cash reserves of commercial banks hence they can lend money to the general public at lower rates. Open Market Operations – how and why they are conducted Marketing is something which must be performed in the right way possible in order to promote increased sale of a product. This should incorporate all components of a marketing plan and functions in addition. The marketing plan in that manner becomes the central application, which has the competency to improve the sales of a product in the global perspective. The marketing of a product largely relies on the marketing plan established in any given organization. Open markets operations are the principle tool of U.S monetary policy in which central banks buy and sell bonds and securities. The principle has been in use for several years and it functions to maintain reserve balances. It is worth noting that the United Stat es employs open market operations through the Federal Reserve Bank. There are several activities, which are conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank in order to make such operations worth running. However, this is a paper that critically explores open markets operations in terms of how and why they are conducted. It is worth noting that a critical review of the area under discussion is performed from a broad point of view. The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 when the congress passed the Federal Reserve act. Although it is independent of the government, it is accountable to the congress because the congress can amend the Federal Reserve act when necessary. The Fed is called a "decentralized" central bank. By manipulating reserve balances the Federal Reserve can control the price of reserves in the market. The theory of open markets operations is quite simple; the fed buys securities when it wants to increase the flow of money and credit, and sells securities when it wants to reduce the flow of money and credit (Harvey 4). What they designate as their target interest rate speaks for what they are trying to fight. If they lower the interest rate they are fighting recession. If they raise the interest rate they are fighting inflation. The fed can choose from among many financial instruments to conduct open market operations: corporate bonds, corporate stocks, commercial paper, etc. it uses treasury

Monday, October 28, 2019

Lesbian Essay Example for Free

Lesbian Essay In society a persons appearance and label help us categorize and give us a general understanding of who that person is. Of course there are stereotypes that play a part in all of this. However, it is almost impossible to escape seeing as how people are identified by others is usually based on stereotypes. This weeks reading ties in with this exactly. A point was brought up that I found to be quite simple which most people (myself included) would agree with, but is not always the first explanation that would come to a persons mind. The way in which we understand and view what a lesbian is, is influenced by race, class privilege, ethnicity, age, the wanting to conform, and various other factors that weigh in (Crow Gotell, 316). We are influenced by everything that surrounds us, including race, class, privilige, etc. We may not be conscious or aware of it all the time, but it is always there. It is how we understand most of the world, make decisions, and how you and society behaves/interacts with one another. As this argument was mentioned a few paragraphs later once again it got me to think that the way I, a born and raised Canadian understand and view the notion of a lesbian is probably different from a perosn born and raised in another country. Take the Philippines for example. The Phillipines (in the past and currently) almost always portray lesbians as stereotypically masculine and butch lesbians in films, and other media. Whereas Canada, comaparatively does not have so much of that stereotype in the media. But what if we did not have lesbians that fit into the â€Å"norms† of lesbianism? What and who would this affect? The reading brought up another good point that I agree with on one hand, but am quite perplexed with on the other as it not simple as black and white. The lesbian uniform that are put on by the lesbians who want to, (or sometimes unknowingly) identify, conform, and express themselves are not just that uniform. But yet they are. By wearing that uniform they might take away other parts of their identity because they are focusing on on aspect of themselves. A lesbian is not just a lesbian, they, like women are more than just that. A persons identity is composed of thier gender, sexuality, status, ethnicity, the list goes on. And so, when reading this I thought that on top of probably having a harder time coming out and living as a lesbian, there is an identity issue within the identity of being a lesbian, and an issue with being a woman as well. Everything is connected and affect one another in different way. This is what gives everyone lesbian a different experience and identity. Even though two lesbians label themselves as such, what they go through and see other lesbians as is totally dependent on the factors.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Impact of Deforestation

Impact of Deforestation The destruction of our planets forest is one of the most important modern environmental issue today. People, 1.6 billion, are dependent on forests for their livelihoods with some 300 million living in them (Lawson). The forest industry is the basis of economic growth and employment (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). Global forest products are estimated to be worth $327 billion (Chakravarty, Ghosh and Suresh). U.S., Japanese, and European companies destroy more rain forest than other companies (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). These companies countries are rich. There is a high demand in these countries for more forest products. Their willingness to pay for rain forest products adds to the problem of deforestation. Forests cover almost a third of the earths land surface providing many environmental benefits including a major role in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention of climate change and preservation of biodiversity (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). The problem is that the pla net has lost 30% of its forests over the past 25 years, which is the size of South Africa (Scientific American). If the current rate of deforestation, the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested land (Chakravarty, Ghosh and Suresh), continues, forests will vanish within 100 years causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). This is demonstrated by the change of forestland to other uses such as agriculture, infrastructure, urban development, industry and others. Deforestation began from the formation of early civilizations. The Laws of Manu is replete with passages referring to the formation of human habitat by clearing the jungle (Mahbub Uddin Ahmed). Michael Williams in his journal article, Dark ages and dark areas: global deforestation in the deep past, discuss how humans have cleared forest since man first discovered fire. Williams discusses that archaeology is showing that the clearing of the forests in Europe during the middle ages was reversed when the bubonic plague reduced the population. William describes the impact that the ancient Mayans, Inca and Aztec had on the forest of Central and South America. During the colonization of the United States and Canada, millions of Native Americans died because of the introduction of diseases letting forest reclaim their land (Williams). Even though history has seen the destruction and regrowth of forests, it has not been on the global scale we are seeing now. In fact, in the continental Unite d States, 90% of indigenous forests have been removed since 1600. In 1839, a young man named Frederick Engels wrote letters home to Germany describing what life was like in the industrializing United States at the time. He writes of the ruthless destruction of the environment and the misery that resulted on the working class (Mahbub Uddin Ahmed). Deforestation occurs in many ways. One of the first step in the process of deforestation is to clear the land for logging or mining. Usually roads are cut through forest to open the area (Steinfeld). Roads into the forest are cleared for the large equipment needed such as bulldozers, road graders and log skidders (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). The area where the roads cut through may not even be in the areas designated for logging or mining, but just the clearing of trees for these roads starts the process of deforestation for the areas the roads run through. Once the roads are completed most of the forests around the logging and mining areas are lost to agriculture, the planting of crops and the pasturing of cattle (Steinfeld). Forests are also lost to poor farmers in poverty areas especially those who live by tropical rain forests (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). In a tropical rain forest, nearly all of the nutrients are found in the plants and trees, not in the ground as in a n orthern, or temperate forest. When the plants and trees are cut down to plant crops. farmers usually burn the tree trunks to release the nutrients necessary for a fertile soil (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). When the rains come, they wash away most of the nutrients, leaving the soil much less fertile. In as little as 3 years, the ground is no longer capable of supporting crops (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). When the fertility of the ground decreases, farmers seek other areas to clear and plant, abandoning the nutrient-deficient soil. The area previously farmed is left to grow back to a rain forest. However, just as the crops did not grow well because of low nutrients, the forest will grow back just as slow because of poor nutrients. After the land is abandoned, the forest may take up to 50 years to grow back (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). Agriculture is estimated to be the main driver for around 80% of deforestation worldwide. Commercial agriculture has deforested around 2/3 of the forest in Latin America (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). The findings on global patterns of destruction show that timber extraction and logging activities account for more than 70% of total deforestation in Latin America where cattle and soy are important (Scientific American). In Africa and Asia, agriculture accounts for around 1/3 of deforestation. The timber industry has played a significant role in the deforestation of Southeast Asia where logging is followed by the creation of large palm oil and pulpwood plantations. Mining, infrastructure and urban expansion are important but less prominent (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). In Africa, the main deforestation drivers are chopping trees for firewood or making charcoal, which opens the land up to farming and livestock grazing. To get a better understanding of deforestation, we first need to examine the driving force behind it. Specifically, human beings role in deforestation. The competition is between humans and other species. This is because of a growing global population and increased demand for food and other natural resources. Many studies confirm that commercial agriculture is the largest direct driver of deforestation in most tropical countries worldwide (Scientific American). Indeed, the growth of commercial agriculture is cited as an important driver of deforestation by nearly all tropical countries (Lawson). The human impact on deforestation varies a great deal between continents. These demands are causing the loss of not only huge areas of forest but also having a major impact on the climate. Deforestation has caused other environmental problems such as increasing soil erosion, landslides, and floods. Erosion occurs a very slow rate, but because of deforestation, the rate has sped up by an estimated 10 to 40 times globally (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Normally, trees and plant roots slow down erosion because they hold and anchor the soil in place, which prevents its washing away. Forest also control the speed at which the rain moves through the canopy. This allows the water to trickle to the ground and absorb slowly, rather than flow over the surface and wash away the soil. Recent research suggests that about half of the precipitation that falls in a tropical rain forest is a result of its moist green canopy (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan) Deforestation of lands for agriculture and development has left large regions of the world infertile. In areas used for urban development, where the ground is covered with a layer of asphalt or concrete it is d ifficult for water to penetrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff. . In addition, the surface runoff from urban areas is polluted with fuel, oil and other chemicals. Evaporation and evapotranspiration processes from the trees and plants return large quantities of water to the local atmosphere, promoting the formation of clouds and precipitation (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Scientists predict that increased rainfall intensity and quantity will lead to greater rates of erosion (Akais Okia, Clement). Rising sea levels have also increased the rate of coastal erosion, which has been increasingly problematic for low lying developed areas along the coast, such as in Florida and Hawaii (Akais Okia, Clement). Less evaporation means that more of the Suns energy is able to warm the surface, which is one of the causes heating up the atmosphere. This heating up of the atmosphere and surface of the planet is causing a global climate change that is affecting weather patterns. The warming affects wind patterns and ocean currents, and these changes alter regional weather conditions. In some regions, the weather is becoming drier, leading to droughts and wildfires. In other regions, rainfall is increasing, leading to flooding. The ice sheets surrounding the North Pole and South Pole are slowly disappearing which can also lead to flooding because of the rising ocean levels (Scientific American). Polar ice melt raises ocean levels, which threatens flooding in coastal areas. Some of the worlds smaller islands might disappear completely. According to the United Nations, up to two thousand islands in Indonesia might vanish beneath the rising ocean (United Nations). Global warming is also melting mountain glaciers. Water from the melted ice causes rivers to overflow and flood places where people and animals live. Vanishing glaciers and snow packs pose another problem too. Glaciers and snow packs provide millions of people around the world with freshwater to drink (United Nations). Without those stores of water, people will need to find other sources of fresh water. Studies also suggest that global warming is probably making hurricanes stronger (United Nations) Deforestation not only contributes to global warming because of the forests interaction with water, forests absorb and store huge amounts of CO2, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The loss of forests generates nearly 50 percent more greenhouse gases than the 25 percent of emissions contributed to the combustion of fossil fuels (Urquhart, Chomentowski and Skole). A plant stores huge amounts of CO2 which it uses during the process of photosynthesis. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air used to be stable (Boucher, Elias and Lininger). For more than half a million years, it held steady at about 280 parts per million (280 parts of carbon dioxide per one million parts of atmosphere) (United Nations). Since, the 1800s, it has increased by about one-third (Williams). Our modern atmosphere contains about 382 parts per million of carbon dioxide-and this level is continuing to rise (Kissinger, Herold and De Sy). Scientists have evidence to suggest that just tropical deforestation is responsi ble for about 20% of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions (Scientific American). When a tree is cut down or burned, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere.This growing amount of carbon dioxide is trapping more and more heat in our atmosphere. A stable amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere keeps Earths temperature stable (Scientific American). Deforestation releases that carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and destroys a resource that can store carbon dioxide humans produce in the future. At least half of Earths ten million species live in tropical rain forests even though tropical rain forests cover only 7% of the total dry surface of the Earth (Moutinho, Paulo and Schwartzman, Stephan). Scientists estimates indicate that up to 137 species disappear worldwide each day (United Nations). If rain forest loss continues at its current rate, up to one-third of rain forest species could go extinct by 2040 (Scientific American). That means deforestation could wipe out about one-sixth of Earths species.